More specifically, we will argue that the diversity of thalamic functions will clarify how an organizational scheme based on input-output connectivity data at the single-cell level would provide a thalamocortical classification system that is far more comprehensive and functionally meaningful than currently existing ones. ![]() We will review recent developments in thalamocortical research that highlight limitations of these existing classification schemes and discuss the sorts of data required to establish a comprehensive one. We argue that current attempts of classification, and there have been many, are inadequate. Similarly, and given the increasing interest in the role of thalamocortical interactions in cognitive function, we believe it is important to recognize that a proper classification of motifs underlying these interactions is lacking and that this is vitally needed. Of course, additional knowledge of the capacity of the input and output connections for plasticity, along with the precise learning rules, is an important determinant of the types of computations performed, but we will only briefly mention this important topic here. ![]() Therefore, it includes the set of driving inputs to a single thalamic neuron along with the precise cortical connectivity pattern of that same neuron. Thus, what is needed is a complete classification of these functionally relevant connectivity patterns, which we refer to as “thalamocortical motifs.” Our definition of a motif is the input-output functional architecture of a single thalamic neuron, where its input patterns are informative of which computations it performs and output patterns are informative of its impact on cortical computations. KeywordsĪ major impediment to understanding the thalamus and its role in cortical function is the fact that our knowledge of input-output connectivity schemes across the thalamus is limited. Overall, our synthesis puts understanding thalamic organization at the forefront of existing research in systems and computational neuroscience, with both basic and translational applications. We propose that a new classification is needed based on thalamocortical motifs, where structure naturally informs function. We discuss this need in relation to existing organizational schemes such as core versus matrix and first-order versus higher-order relay nuclei. Because the thalamus is composed of excitatory neurons that are devoid of local recurrent excitatory connectivity, delineating long-range, input-output connectivity patterns of single thalamic neurons is critical for building functional models. Recent studies have shown thalamic engagement in dynamic regulation of cortical activity in attention, executive control, and perceptual decision-making, but the circuit mechanisms underlying such functionality are unknown. Unusual red eye high blood pressure related eye problems diabetes mellitus related eye problems HIV or AIDS patients who can have eye problem in future need to consult an ophthalmologist as soon as possible to save their sight.The role of the thalamus in cortical sensory transmission is well known, but its broader role in cognition is less appreciated. ![]() Loss of peripheral (side) vision misaligned eyes new floaters (black "strings" or specks in the vision) and/or flashes of light pain in the eye thyroid disease-related eye problems (Graves' disease) Patients having eye problems like bulging of one or both eyes dark curtain or veil that blocks vision decreased vision, even if temporary ĭistorted vision double vision excess tearing eyelid abnormalities family history of eye disease halos (colored circles around lights) injury to the eye He/she is medically trained to deliver total eye care: primary, secondary and tertiary (i.e., vision services, contact lenses, eye examinations, medical eye care and surgical eye care), diagnose general diseases of the body and treat ocular manifestations of systemic diseases. Ophthalmologists is a physician who specializes in eye and vision care.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |